Use a combination of oils to balance your intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats
Sunflower. Olive. Mustard. Sesame. Canola.
The
sheer variety of oils your neighbourhood shop or supermarket puts on
its shelves is probably increasing with each passing day. But in our
kitchen, the story is a little different—most of us use “vegetable oil”
for cooking just about everything, and at best, have started using olive
oil. Even if you did want to experiment with oils, given the bad
reputation they have you are probably unsure if it’s even desirable to
consume more than one type of oil.
We
all know that olive oil is good for you, but here’s the surprising
truth—so are mustard, sesame, rapeseed, walnut and canola. The best
thing is to consume a variety of oils, since each oil has different
properties, and different benefits. Using a few different types of oils
can help balance your intake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fats
(Pufa), as well as saturated and monounsaturated fats (Mufa), all of
which your body needs.
Saturated
fats are typically solid at room temperature, and are mainly found in
animal sources of food. This type of fat raises total blood cholesterol
levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol levels,
which can increase your risk of cardiovascular disease. Saturated fat
may also increase your risk of type 2 diabetes and should be used
sparingly. Mufas are healthy fats that may lower your total LDL levels
but maintain or increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or the good
cholesterol, which is why they are a central part of the Mediterranean,
heart-friendly diet.
Pufas
come in two varieties, omega-3 and omega-6, and both are essential for
the body. The worst kind are trans fats, and though they can occur
naturally in some foods, most are made during food processing through
partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats. While natural trans fats
(that occur in milk and other dairy produce) are not harmful, synthetic
ones, such as Dalda, and in some processed foods like biscuits, have
been linked clearly to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Your
choice of oil also depends on how you intend to use it in the
kitchen—some cooking methods not only destroy many of the nutrients but
also turn the oil carcinogenic. Consider the “smoke point” of the oil
you are using, or the temperature at which it begins to break down and
deteriorate. A high smoke point means the oil is good for all types of
cooking, a low one means it’s best uncooked—oils with smoke points below
177 degrees Celsius are low, and those with more than 210 degrees
Celsius are high. Extra virgin olive oil, for example, has a low smoke
point, so if you use it to cook something like a stir-fry where you need
the oil to be really hot, you will not only lose the benefits of olive
oil, it will also cause harm.
Here’s
a quick low-down on some of the different types of oils (we’ll keep the
much discussed olive oil out of this) and the pros and cons of their
usage.
Rapeseed oil: It
is a good source of both Mufa and Pufa. More importantly, it has one of
the lowest contents of saturated fat among oils. The smoke point of
rapeseed oil is high, and its taste neutral, so it’s best used in
cooking.
Avocado oil: It’s
higher in Mufa than olive oil, and is an important ingredient of the
Mediterranean diet. It is also a good source of vitamin E. Its lovely
nutty flavour makes it ideal for dressings. It has a higher smoking
point than all plant oils, so it’s great for frying as well. It also
contains lutein, an antioxidant shown to bolster eye health. It’s
expensive and difficult to find in India, though gourmet or speciality
food stores will carry such oils.
Flaxseed oil: Made
from the seeds of the flax plant, this oil contains high levels of
omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. It has a very low smoke point, so you
cannot cook with it, but it does wonders as a salad dressing, or even
whipped into a smoothie.
Canola oil: This
oil possesses more heart-friendly omega-3 than olive oil, and also has
one of the lowest levels of saturated fat of any dietary oil. It also
has a high smoke point, so it’s ideal for cooking. When baking, you can
replace one cup solid fat, like butter, with O cup canola oil. The drawback is that it’s a refined oil that’s low in antioxidants.
Hemp oil: Hemp’s
dark green colour is due to its high chlorophyll content. Hemp is a
rich and balanced source of omega-3 and omega-6, and its gamma linolenic
acid (GLA) content makes it unique among plant seed oils. GLA has been
shown to help maintain healthy cholesterol and blood pressure levels,
and aids in hormonal balance. Hemp oil is not suitable for heating
because of its low smoke point.
Grapeseed oil: A
good source of both vitamin E and oleic acid, a fatty acid that may
help slash your risk of stroke by up to 73%, according to a study
published in the journal Neurology. It has a fairly high smoking point, so it can be used for cooking, but it lacks antioxidants.
Walnut oil: It
has a toasty, warm flavour and is a great source of alpha-linolenic
acid (ALA). Plant-based ALA has been known to lower the risk of type 2
diabetes. It is great for salad dressings because of its flavour and has
a high smoke point too.
Mustard oil: Used
traditionally in Bengali cooking, a recent study by the All India
Institute of Medical Sciences and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital in New Delhi
found that the oil is high in Mufa and Pufa, has both omega-6 and
omega-3, and a high smoke point. One of the best oils to use for
cooking, though its sharp taste is not for everybody.
Remember,
whatever the choice of oil, it will give you at least 120 calories per
tablespoon. Any more than 2.5 tablespoons of even the healthiest oil per
day in your diet is not good for you. Measure the oil you are using
with a tablespoon, instead of directly pouring it from the bottle, to
have more control over its usage. Even better, use a spray bottle to
spray a thin layer of oil evenly on your pan—this way, you will always
end up using less than you usually do.
Though
omega-3 and -6 are both beneficial, the ratio of 3:6 should be 1:1 in
your diet. Unfortunately, most diets are rich in omega-6, but lack 3.
Research shows that an excess of omega-6 can promote cardiovascular
disease, auto immune diseases, even cancer. Omega-3, on the other hand,
does exactly the opposite. Include more oils which are high in omega-3
in your diet.
Vishakha
Shivdasani is a Mumbai-based medical doctor with a fellowship in
nutrition. She specializes in controlling diabetes, cholesterol and
obesity.